How to find hypothesis testing and how to know which test to use?

 How to find hypothesis testing and how to know which test to use?

We generally start with the null hypothesis.

Null hypothesis means that there is no difference in the reality. 

For the sake of example suppose you have two medicines: Drug A, and Drug B. 

Now, we want to know which drug is better! 

This is our research question. To know this we have to frame our hypothesis: 

Now its consensus among scientists that its easier to reject the null hypothesis than to prove the alternate hypothesis. The reason of this is Suppose you have to prove that every cow is black in this world. Now you can disprove this simply on observing one white cow! this is rejection of null hypothesis. 

But if will test every cow for whether its black or white 

PSM / COMMUNITY MEDICINE by Dr Abhishek Jaiswal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at learnpsm@blogspot.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at jaiswal.fph@gmail.com.

Behaviour Codes in Cancer

Morphology: 

The morphology code records the type of cell that has become neoplastic and its biologic activity; in other words, it records the kind of tumor that has developed and how it behaves. There are three parts to a complete morphology code:

4 digits cell type (histology)

1 digit behavior

1 digit grade, differentiation or phenotype

In ICD-O morphology codes, a common root codes the cell type of a given tumor, while an additional digit codes the behavior. The grade, differentiation, or phenotype code provides supplementary information about the tumor.

Behavior: 

The behavior of a tumor is the way it acts within the body. Pathologists use a variety of observations to determine the behavior of a tumor.

A tumor can grow in place without the potential for spread (/0, benign); it can be malignant but still growing in place (/2, noninvasive or in situ); it can invade surrounding tissues (/3, malignant, primary site); or even disseminate from its point of origin and begin to grow at another site (/6, metastatic).

5th Digit Behavior Code for Neoplasms

Code	Neoplasm
/0	Benign
/1	Uncertain whether benign or malignant
	Borderline malignancy
	Low malignant potential
	Uncertain malignant potential
/2	Carcinoma in situ
	Intraepithelial
	Noninfiltrating
	Noninvasive
/3	Malignant, primary site
/6*	Malignant, metastatic site
	Malignant, secondary site
/9*	Malignant, uncertain whether primary or metastatic site

* Not used by cancer registries (used by some pathologists in some parts of the world)

PSM / COMMUNITY MEDICINE by Dr Abhishek Jaiswal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at learnpsm@blogspot.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at jaiswal.fph@gmail.com.

Cancer related organizations

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program is a premier source for cancer statistics in the United States. The SEER Program collects information on incidence, prevalence and survival from specific geographic areas representing 28 percent of the US population and reports on all these data plus cancer mortality data for the entire country. 

PSM / COMMUNITY MEDICINE by Dr Abhishek Jaiswal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at learnpsm@blogspot.com.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at jaiswal.fph@gmail.com.

Public Health days

World Braille Day	4 January
World Leprosy Day	Last Sunday in January
World Cancer Day	4 February
International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation	6 February
National Deworming Day	10 February
International Epilepsy Day	second Monday of February
International Day of Women and Girls in Science	11 February
World Unani Day	11 February
Sexual Reproductive Health Awareness Day	12 February
International Childhood Cancer Day	15 February
World Day of Social Justice	20 February
Rare Disease Day	28/29 February
International Condom Day	13 February
Zero Discrimination Day	01Mar
World Birth Defect Day	03Mar
World Hearing Day	03Mar
World Obesity Day	04Mar
No Smoking Day	Second Wednesday of March
World Glaucoma Day	12Mar
World Glaucoma Week	March 713 March 1218
International Women’s Day	08Mar
World kidney day	14Mar Second Thursday of March
Salt awareness week	11
Measles Immunization Day	March 16
World Kidney Day	Second Thursday in March
International Day of Happiness	20Mar
World Oral Health Day	20Mar
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination	21Mar
World Down Syndrome Day	21Mar
World Water Day	22Mar
World Tuberculosis Day	24Mar
International Day of Solidarity with Detained and Missing Staff Members	25Mar
World Autism Awareness Day	02Apr
International Day of Sport for Development and Peace	06Apr
World Health Day	07Apr
World health worker week	4
World Chagas Disease Day	14Apr
World haemophilia day	17Apr
World Liver Day	April 19
World Creativity and Innovation Day	21Apr
Earth Day	April 22
World Meningitis Day	24Apr
World Malaria Day	25Apr
World Immunization Week	The last week of April
World Day for Safety and Health at Work	28Apr
World Asthma Day	First Tuesday in the month of May
World Hand Hygiene Day	05May
International Day of the Midwife	05May
UN Global Road Safety Week	6 May
World Red Cross Day	8 May
World Thalassaemia Day	8 May
Mother's Day	Second Sunday of May
International Nurses Day	12May
International Day of Families	15May
National Dengue Day	May 16
International Day of action for women’s health	18May
World Family Doctor Day	19May
International Day against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia	17May
World Hypertension Day	17May
International Day to End Obstetric Fistula	23May
World Multiple Sclerosis Day	May 25 (Last Wednesday of May)
Menstrual Hygiene Day	28May
International Day of Action for Women’s Health / International Women’s Health Day	28 May
World No Tobacco Day	31 May
World Environment Day	June 5
World Brain Tumour Day	June 8
World Blood Donor Day	14Jun
World Elder Abuse Awareness Day	15Jun
Autistic Pride Day	June 18
International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict	19Jun
International Day of Yoga	21Jun
International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking	26Jun
National Doctors Day	July 1
World Population Day	11Jul
World Brain Day	22Jul
World Drowning Prevention Day	25 July
World Hepatitis Day	28Jul
ORS Day	July 29
World Breastfeeding Week	1 to 7 August
World’s Indigenous People Day	09Aug
International Youth Day	12Aug
World Humanitarian Day	19Aug
World Mosquito Day	August 20
African Traditional Medicine Day	31Aug
National Eye Donation Fortnight	25th August  8th September
National Nutrition week	September 1 to 7
Spinal Cord Injury Day	September 5
World Physical Therapy Day	08Sep
World Suicide Prevention Day	10Sep
World Sepsis Day	13Sep
World Marrow Donor Day	September 16
World Patient Safety Day	September 17
World Alzheimer’s Day	21Sep
World Pharmacists Day	25Sep
World Lung Day	25Sep
World Rabies Day	28Sep
World Heart Day	29Sep
World Day of Deaf	Last Sunday of September
World Contraception Day	26Sep
Breast Cancer Awareness Month	October
International Day for the Elderly	1 October
World Vegetarian Day	October 1
International Day of Non-Violence	2 October
National Anti-Drug Addiction Day	October 2
World Sight Day	October 9
World Mental Health Day	10Oct
International Day of the Girl Child	11Oct
World Cerebral Palsy Day	First Wednesday of October
International Day for Disaster Reduction	13 October
World Thrombosis Day	13 October
Global Handwashing Day	October 15
World Sight Day	Second Thursday of October
World Hospice and Palliative Care Day	The second Saturday of October
World Arthritis Day	October 12
International Day of Rural Women	15 October
World Food Day	16 October
World Trauma Day	October 17
World Statistics Day	20Oct
World Osteoporosis Day	20 October
World Iodine Deficiency Day	October 21
United Nations Day	24 October
World Polio Day	24 October
World Obesity Day	October 26
World Psoriasis Day	29 October
World Stroke Day	29 October
World Thrift Day	October 30
World Cities Day	31 October
One Health Day	3 Nov
World Immunisation Day	November 10
World Pneumonia Day	12 November
World Antibiotic Awareness Week	18-24 Nov
World Diabetes Day	14 November
International Day for Tolerance	16 November
National Epilepsy Day	November 17
World COPD Day	19 November
World Toilet Day	19 November
World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims	The third Sunday of November
World Day of Research for Health	18 November
New Born Care Week	November 15-21
Universal Children’s Day	20 Nov
International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women	25 Nov
World AIDS Day	1 December
National Pollution Prevention Day	December 2
International Day of Persons with Disabilities	3 December
International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development	5 December
FCHV Day	05Dec
World Patient Safety Day	9 December
International Anti-Corruption Day	9 December
Human Rights Day	10 December
International Universal Health Coverage Day	12 December
International Human Solidarity Day	20 Dec